tipidee
Software
skarnet.org

The /etc/tipidee.conf configuration file

Goal and usage

/etc/tipidee.conf is a text file written by the web administrator to configure the tipideed server. After writing or modifying this file, the administrator is expected to run the tipidee-config program, that will read /etc/tipidee.conf and output a /etc/tipidee.conf.cdb file that will be suitable for tipideed to use.

tipidee-config provides sane defaults, so an empty /etc/tipidee.conf file is perfectly usable for purely static installations. But an empty file still needs to be created, unless tipidee-config is run with the -i /dev/null option.

Description

The /etc/tipidee.conf file contains a series of lines; every line is an instruction. Lines do not wrap around and there is no quoting, so a newline is always the end of an instruction. Empty lines, or lines containing only whitespace, or lines beginning with # (comments), are ignored. If a line contains a # that is not in the middle or end of a word, the rest of the line is also considered a comment, and ignored.

Words on a line are separated by whitespace (spaces or tabs). Instructions are one directive, the first word in the line, followed by one or more arguments. Most directives take a fixed number of arguments; some of them take a variable number. There are several types of directives.

These are meta-directives: they do not control tipideed's behaviour directly, but tell tipidee-config to include other files. They allow administrators and packagers to write modular, pluggable configuration files. Preprocessing directives always start with a ! (exclamation point, or bang) character.

You will probably never see preprocessing directives in simple configuration files. They are meant for bigger or more generic configurations.

!include file

• This directive will replace itself with the contents of file.
• file can be a relative or absolute path. If relative, then it is relative to the directory of the file being currently processed, i.e. the file containing the !include directive. In other words, things will work as you intuitively expect.

!includedir dir

• This directive will include every file in directory dir.
• File names starting with a . (dot) will be ignored (i.e. not included).
• The inclusion order is deterministic: file names are sorted according to the C locale.
• dir can be a relative or absolute path. If relative, then it is relative to the directory of the file being currently processed, i.e. the file containing the !includedir directive. In other words, things will work as you intuitively expect.

!included: unique
!included: multiple

• This directive is usually written at the beginning of a file. Only one such directive per file is allowed.
• !included: governs what happens when a file is included more than once.
  • If a file contains an !included: unique line, then all inclusions of this file after the first one will be ignored: the contents of the file will appear only once.
  • If a file contains an !included: multiple line, then the file will be expanded into its contents every time the file is included.
  • If a file does not contain an !included: directive, then including it twice is an error, and tipidee-config-preprocess, the program in charge of the preprocessing directives, will complain and exit.
• Don't forget the : (colon) at the end of the !included: directive!

Global directives control global aspects of tipideed — values that apply to the server itself, no matter what domain it is serving. The directive name is global, and it takes two arguments: the name and the value of a setting.

global verbosity v

• v is a non-negative integer, describing the level of verbosity that tipideed will write to its stderr with.
• 0 means only error messages will be printed.
• 1 is the default; it means error messages and warnings will be printed.
• 2 is more verbose, also printing a summary of every HTTP request.
• 3 is like 2 but also prints personally identifiable client information, such as its IP address.
• 4 prints a lot of details for every request.
• 5 or more is debugging output.
• The configuration file setting can be overwritten by a -v option on the tipideed command line.

global read_timeout t

• t is a non-negative integer, in milliseconds. It represents the maximum duration that a client is allowed to be idle.
• If t milliseconds elapse without the client sending a request, tipideed will assume it is done, close the connection and exit. Also, if t milliseconds elapse while the client is sending a request, and the request is still not complete, tipideed will also close the connection.
• The default is 0, meaning infinite: tipideed will never slam the door into a client's face, even if the client is excessively slow or fails to close a connection it's not using anymore.
• A good setting is global read_timeout 60000, closing connections after one minute of inactivity.

global write_timeout t

• t is a non-negative integer, in milliseconds. It represents the maximum duration that tipideed will accept to wait when sending data to the client.
• If t milliseconds elapse while tipideed is sending data to the client, tipideed will give up and exit with an error message.
• This typically happens when the network is congested, and the kernel's socket send buffers are full. It could also mean that a client is failing to read the data it has requested; or that the data is very large and taking time to transfer.
• The default is 0, meaning infinite: tipideed will wait forever until the network uncongests and its client starts to behave.
• An example setting is global write_timeout 600000, closing connections if a transfer takes more than 10 minutes; but servers serving large files to clients on slow connections will want a larger value.

global cgi_timeout t

• t is a non-negative integer, in milliseconds. It represents the maximum duration that a CGI script spawned by tipideed is allowed to run.
• If t milliseconds elapse while a CGI script is running, and tipideed hasn't gotten a full response yet, the script will be killed, and tipideed will send a 504 (Gateway Timeout) response to the client.
• The default is 0, meaning infinite: tipideed will wait forever until CGI scripts write their output.
• An example setting is global cgi_timeout 10000, giving any CGI scripts 10 seconds to complete — most users aren't willing to wait more than a few seconds for a page to render anyway.

global max_request_body_length n

• n is a non-negative integer, in bytes. It represents the maximum size that tipideed will accept for the body of an HTTP request.
• If the client sends a request with a body larger than n bytes, tipideed will send a 413 (Content Too Large) response and close the connection.
• The default is 8192, which is large enough for most.
• An example setting is global max_request_body_length 500, when the administrator knows that no script on the site needs an input of more than 500 bytes and anything larger is malicious.

global max_cgi_body_length n

• n is a non-negative integer, in bytes. It represents the maximum size that tipideed will accept for a CGI script's answer that it needs to process.
• If a CGI script writes more than n bytes to its stdout, tipideed will send a 502 (Bad Gateway) response to the client and die with an error message.
• This limit does not apply to NPH scripts, which send their stdout directly to the client without any processing by tipideed.
• The default is 4194304 (4 mebibytes).
• An example setting is global max_cgi_body_length 100000000, when the administrator knows that CGI scripts can write up to 100 megabytes. Note that the CGI specification forces web servers to read the whole CGI output in memory, so the larger the value, the more RAM tipideed may consume in order to hold CGI output data. And this is "private dirty" memory, i.e. memory that really counts towards resource use on your server, so be careful with that setting — and with the CGI scripts you choose to run.

global index_file file1 file2 ...

• The global index_file directive has a variable number of arguments. file1, file2, and so on are the names of the files that should be used to try and complete the URI when a client request resolves to a directory.
• For instance: global index_file index.cgi index.html index.htm means that when tipideed is asked to serve http://example.com, it will first try to serve as if the request had been http://example.com/index.cgi, then http://example.com/index.html, then http://example.com/index.htm. The first resource found is the one that is served; if none of the resources exist, tipideed responds 404 (Not Found).
• This is valid for any subdirectory: http://example.com/foo, if the /foo resource resolves to a directory, is expanded to http://example.com/foo/index.cgi, then (if not found) http://example.com/foo/index.html, then (if not found) http://example.com/foo/index.htm.
• The default is global index_file index.html, meaning that only the index.html file will be looked up when a resource resolves to a directory.

content-type is also a global directive, but is introduced by the keyword content-type, without prepending global. It allows the user to define mappings from a document's extension to a standard Content-Type.

content-type type extension1 extension2 ...

• Files ending with extension1, extension2, and so on, will be served to clients with the Content-Type: type header.
• Extensions must be listed with their initial dot.
• Example: content-type text/html .html .htm means that files ending in .html or .htm should be served as text/html.
• tipidee already comes with a large list of default Content-Type mappings; this directive should only be necessary if you're serving files with uncommon extensions or have specific needs.

All the other directives are local: they only apply to the current domain. Except for domain, they can only be used after a domain directive.

domain domain

domain is a special directive in that it is stateful. Instead of having a direct effect on the configuration, it merely defines the domain that the next local directives will apply to. domain example.com means that a subsequent cgi /cgi-bin/ line will declare that a resource under //example.com/cgi-bin/ is a CGI script.
• The current domain remains defined and active until the next domain directive.
• Global directives are unaffected by the current domain. It is good practice to declare global directives before the first domain line, but it is not mandatory.
• If your resources are accessible via several URIs, the declared domain should be the canonical one, i.e. the name of the real directory hosting them, and not the symlinks. E.g. if you are serving files in the real directory /home/www/docs/example.com, with example.com:80 and example.com:443 being symlinks to example.com, then domain example.com is the correct declaration for settings that will apply to these files. And if you are hosting a different set of documents in the real directory /home/www/docs/example.com:81, and example.com:444 is a symlink to example.com:81, then these will be affected by the settings declared under domain example.com:81.
• The point of all this is to make virtual hosting as flexible as possible, allowing you to have different configurations for different virtual hosts — including serving different sets of documents for the same host on different ports!) — without needing to duplicate the configuration when you are serving the same sets of documents over several ports, e.g. when you're serving both HTTP and HTTPS.
• Complex configurations can benefit from the !include or !includedir primitives, by putting the configuration related to one domain in a dedicated file, and having the main /etc/tipidee.conf only declare global configuration and include all the domain-specific files.

cgi directory
cgi file

• The cgi directory directive tells tipideed that under the current domain, all the files under directory (and its whole sub-hierarchy) are CGI scripts. directory is absolute (it must start with a slash, referring to the document root for the current domain), and must end with a slash as well.
• The cgi file directive tells tipideed that under the current domain, file is a CGI script, regardless of its location. file is absolute (it must start with a slash, referring to the document root for the current domain), but must not end with a slash.
• A common use is: cgi /cgi-bin/
• By default, no CGI directories or files are defined, so an empty tipidee configuration will only serve static files.

noncgi directory
noncgi file

• The noncgi directory directive tells tipideed that under the current domain, all the files under directory (and its whole sub-hierarchy) are not CGI scripts.
• The noncgi file directive tells tipideed that under the current domain, file is not a CGI script, regardless of its location.
• This is a rare directive, only useful if for some reason you have a static document under /cgi-bin or equivalent.

nph-prefix prefix

• This directive tells tipideed that CGI scripts (recognized as such by a cgi directive) whose name starts with prefix are non-parsed header scripts.
• Common usage is nph-prefix nph- — paired with cgi /cgi-bin/, this means that under the current domain, scripts of the form /cgi-bin/nph-foobar are NPH.

nph directory
nph file

• This is an alternative way of specifying which scripts are NPH. This directive says that CGI scripts under directory are NPH (provided they're also recognized as CGI), and that file is NPH (provided it's also recognized as CGI).
• For instance, having both cgi /cgi-bin/ and nph /cgi-bin/ means that all the CGI scripts under /cgi-bin are considered NPH.

nonnph directory
nonnph file

• This is the opposite, saying that CGI scripts under directory, or CGI script file, are not NPH.
• This is a rare directive, only useful if the vast majority of your scripts, but not all of them, are NPH.

basic-auth directory
basic-auth file

• This directive tells tipideed that file file, or all files under directory, are protected by Basic HTTP authentication.
• This feature is currently unimplemented, so tipidee-config will print a warning if it finds such a directive in your configuration file.
• Implementation of this feature has been delayed because it needs an additional database to store the resource:user:password tuples, with more restricted permissions than /etc/tipidee.conf.cdb, since passwords are confidential information. This is planned in a future version of tipidee. And yes, existing web servers that make the administrator store cleartext passwords in the generic configuration file are terrible.

no-auth directory
no-auth file

• This is the opposite, saying that files under directory, or specific file file, do not require authentication.
• This is a rare directive, only useful if you have a whole directory under basic-auth but want to carve exceptions.

file-type directory type
file-type file type

• file-type is similar to content-type, but local. For files under directory, or for specific file file, it overrides the default Content-Type associated with their extension, and gives them the Content-Type type instead.
• file-type /source/ text/plain will serve all files under the current domain under the /source directory as text/plain.
• file-type /source/file.html text/html will serve /source/file.html under the current domain as text/html, even with the previous more generic rule applying to /source.

redirect resource rtype target

• resource is the URI to redirect, relative to the current domain. For instance, if the current domain is example.com and resource is foobar.html, then a request for http://example.com/foobar.html will be redirected to target.
• rtype is the type of redirection. It is one of the following four numbers:
  • 308: permanent redirection
  • 307: temporary redirection
  • 301: permanent redirection while allowing the client to change the request method. You generally should not need this.
  • 302: temporary redirection while allowing the client to change the request method. You generally should not need this.
• target is the target of the redirection. It should be a full URL starting with http:// or https://; it can also be a simple path, indicating a local redirection, in which case tipideed will process it under the requested host.
• Unlike files or directories given as arguments in other local directives, resource does not need to exist in the filesystem. tipideed processes redirections before looking up resources in the filesystem. This is more efficient, but comes with a caveat: a file will only be served if there is no redirection directive for that resource, so make sure to keep your configuration file up-to-date.
• This also means that the "real directory" rule does not apply to redirections. Instead, you can declare a redirection under the example.com:80 domain, whether or not /home/www/docs/example.com:80 is a real directory; the redirection will only apply to requests received on port 80 (and not, for instance, to requests received on port 443). But if you declare a redirection under the example.com domain, it will apply to requests received on any port.